Cancer An Uncontrollable Division Of Cells - 1467 Words

INTRODUCTION TO CANCER What is Cancer? Cancer is described as an uncontrollable division of cells. According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, with an estimated 595,690 deaths and 1,685,210 new cases in 2016 alone (NIH 2015). Cancer can develop from almost every organ of the body, with the most common organs affected being the breasts, lungs, prostate, colon, and bladder (NIH 2015). As the disease progresses, it may become metastatic, where the cancer cells migrate from their point of origin to other parts of the body. Cancer can spread in three ways: through tissue, through the lymph system, and through the blood (NIH 2015). When cancer progresses to a metastatic state, it is†¦show more content†¦While the overall cancer death rate has declined, the war continues today as we are still plagued with the complicated disease, cancer. Hallmarks of Cancer (Hanahan and Weinberg 2011) During tumor development and progression, cells develop/acquire six hallmark capabilities as they transform from normal cells to neoplastic tumor cells. These hallmarks are developed at various times throughout cancer cell progression are thought to promote the growth and metastasis of tumors. These hallmark qualities, as outlined by Hanahan and Weinberg, are thought to be fostered by underlying genomic instability, referring to mutations in the genome, and inflammation, usually brought on by the immune system. The six hallmark capabilities include: sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. 1. Proliferative Signaling Cell growth and division is controlled by the production and release of growth promoting signals. While normal cells carefully regulate the release of these signals, these signals are deregulated in cancerous cells. Cancer cells are believed upregulate the cell cycle and cell growth through growth factors which bind to cell-surface receptors and release signals. Other mechanisms for sustaining proliferative signaling in cancer cells include: autocrine stimulation, where the cancer cells emit growth factors and then respond to those sameShow MoreRelatedCancer and Cell Cycle Project1122 Words   |  5 PagesCancer and Cell Cycle Project Section A Option 1 The normal process of cell division is altered in cancerous cells typically by mutations in the genes involved in the regulation of cellular division. The number of mutations normally will begin to spread because when the genes that make DNA repairing proteins become mutated, this causes the DNA that they would be repairing to become mutated as well. Some changes allow the damaged cells to divide more quickly than normal and to invade other tissuesRead MoreThe Importance Of A Living Organism All Living Things1221 Words   |  5 PagesAll known living things area made up of cells, to be consider a living organism all living things must show the complete list of properties of life which are: Order, is maintained and increased through the expenditure of energy reproduction which is not essential for survival of individual living things but must happen for species to survive; growth when life form gets bigger as quantity of cells increments; development refers to changes in the organism which occur through its life span; All livingRead MoreSkin Cancer Essay553 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Cancer†, its a disease that has claim the lives of millions, its a disease that so far has no known cure, and its a disease that has many different forms. Cancer is defined as â€Å"a malignant form of tumors, which are tissue masses that arise through mutations in the genes that govern cell growth and division† (Starr, 1999, p. 213). Skin cancer is just one of the many forms of cancer that effects us and is the most common cancer in the U.S. Like so many others, I would assume that the major cause ofRead MoreCancer : The Second Most Prominent Cause Death Of The United States Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesCancer is the second most prominent cause of death in the United States. In the year 2016, it is predicted that 595,690 Americans will die from this disease.12 Caner is defined as an uncontrollable division of cells in the body that spreads into surrounding tissue. This rapid division of cells can oc cur almost anywhere in the human body. The cancer treatments currently available in modern medicine include a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Recently scientists have discovered thatRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1471 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer Introduction to Breast cancer Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer only surpassed by lung cancer. It involves a cancerous tumour located inside the breast but spreads if treatment is not administered. (Evert et al 2011) Breast cancer can be treated if diagnosed in its early stages but becomes progressively more difficult upon reaching more advancing malignant stages. Breast cancer can be confused with being a female only disease however both sexes suffer. AccordingRead MoreLung Cancer in Humans and the Rat Respiratory Systems870 Words   |  4 PagesRylee Coder Biology period 4 May 19, 2013 Lung Cancer in Humans and the Rat Respiratory System The human respiratory system is very similar, if not practically identical, to the respiratory system of a rat. The only notable difference is the division of the lobes in human lungs. The left lung of a rat is composed of 1 lobe, while the right lung has 4 lobes. The right lung of a human contains 3 lobes and the left lung is composed of 2 lobes. Other than that (and some structural differences alongRead MoreTrastuzumab ( Herceptin ) -research And Development1431 Words   |  6 PagesTrastuzumab (Herceptin)-Research and Development Introduction Cancer is the uncontrollable division and growth of abnormal cells resulting in formation of an aggressive tumour. In some forms of Breast cancer, the cells proliferate uncontrollably due to over-expression of the protein HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2); a receptor embedded within the membrane of cells, allowing for the transfer of signals outside to inside the cell. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody administered throughRead MoreAllelic Variation in BRCA Genes Could Be the Key to Understanding Familial Breast Cancer798 Words   |  4 Pagesto Understanding Familial Breast Cancer Introduction Breast cancer is an uncontrollable division of cells within the breast tissue that affects about 12% of women in their lifetime. Cancer can be caused by sporadic mutations influenced by environment or by genetic disposition. Several genes play a role in cell division: Oncogenes are responsible for directing mitosis, and tumor suppression genes prevent the expression of genes involved in cell division. Mutations that occur in eitherRead MoreCauses of Disease in Humans Essay examples823 Words   |  4 Pagesdamaging cells or producing toxins that affect the cells in the body. One example  of a pathogen is the cholera bacterium. This enters the small intestine through the digestive system and releases toxins that bind to the receptors on the epithelial cells. This causes the protein channels for chloride ions to open, resulting in an influx of chloride ions into the lumen. The movement of  ions raises the water potential and lowers the water potential in the lumen. Water is then drawn out of the cells  via osmosisRead MoreDn Dna And Dna1128 Words   |  5 Pagesthat deals with sequencing and analysis of an organism’s genome. Genomics is achieved by applying recombinant DNA, gene sequencing methods and bioinformatics to analyze the structure and functions of a genome (the complete set of DNA within a single cell of an organism). Gene sequencing is the determining of the exact order of bases in a strand of DNA. It is done in genome projects so that scientists can assemble the sequence to replicate the original chromosome which they can then study and analyze

Bethesda, Maryland Is The Headquarters Of Marriott...

Bethesda, Maryland is the headquarters of Marriott International Incorporate. This unique organization transpired from a root beer stand in 1927 into a world-renowned hospitality hotel chain in 1957. Information provided will focus on the evolution of the root beer stand into the Marriott International Incorporate vast hospitality empire. Today, the Marriott hospitality industry has 5,756 hotels with 30 brands in 118 countries with 1.1 million rooms. Additionally, the Marriott generated $14 billion in revenue during 2016 and had over 85 million combined loyalty members between the Marriott and Starwood Preferred Guest reward programs. Furthermore, Marriott partnered with Universal Music Group to bring their rewards member’s additional†¦show more content†¦Actions through the corporate social responsibilities subsequently enhance the Marriott brand. This evolutionary hospitality organization, grows and developed different brands to accommodate customers increasin g demands through visionary thinking. Organization Overview J. Willard Marriott and Alice, his wife, started their entrepreneurship in 1927 by opening an AW root beer stand with nine seats in Washington D.C. (Marriott, 2017). Seizing an opportunity, the Marriott’s decided to diversify the AW root beer menu by incorporating hot food items, thus creating Hot Shoppes. When the business strategy called for expansion in 1928, two additional Hot Shoppes opened creating the first East Coast drive-in (Marriott, 2017). Concentrating on other areas of development, Hot Shoppes delivered boxed lunches to the Hoover Airport in Washington D.C. in 1937. During the mid-1960s, Hot Shoppes reached its pinnacle with approximately 75 stores in roughly a dozen states (Ambrose, 1999). Changing times caused the Marriott to re-examine the restaurant strategy and realized that they should sell off the profitable, slow-growing family restaurant that included the Roy Rogers Family Restaurants and Bob’s Big Boy (Ambrose, 1999). Sadly, the last Hot Shoppes closed in December of 1999, which ended the Marriott restaurant experience. However, long before Hot Shoppes closed, the couple discerns that the hospitality industry is the new corporate focus. The Marriott’s opened theShow MoreRelatedSegmentation and Target Market2004 Words   |  9 PagesTarget Market Marriott International, Inc. was founded by J. Willard and Alice Marriott in 1927 and has been a leading hospitality company for over 80 years. It has more than 3,900 properties, 18 brands, and associates with its headquarters in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. The company boasts of revenues of nearly $13 billion in the fiscal year 2013 and is expanding globally. This paper specifically discusses the market segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies of Marriott – Marriott Hotels amp;Read MoreSwot Analysis Of Marriott Group International1902 Words   |  8 PagesSWOT Analysis of The Marriott Group International Overview Marriott Group International is a well-known global brand in the hospitality sector. This hospitality group has more than 3,900 properties, and 18 brands and associates spread across the world. The company, head was founded more than 80 years ago by J. Willard and Alice Marriott while the Marriott family has continued to guide the group. The company has its headquarters in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. In the fiscal year 2013, the group’s reportedRead MoreHospitality Business : Marriott International Inc.2546 Words   |  11 Pageslodgings are the most quickly extending field. Here in this economic analysis we have taken one such firm, The Marriott. As indicated by the world travel and tourism chamber (WTTC), the friendliness division has turned into a heading giver to the world s economy as far as quality included, charge, work, capital speculation and so on., Marriott is the lodging and resorts chain of Marriott International Inc., it is an United States based firm which heads i n cordiality area. It is one among the main threeRead MoreExecutive Summery : Marriott International, Inc. Essay2893 Words   |  12 Pages INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Name Institutional Affiliation EXECUTIVE SUMMERY Marriott International, Inc. is one of the leading companies around the world with more than 3,900 properties, associates, and 18 brands (Marriott International, 2014). The aim of Marriott International is to offer the best service to its customers that will lead to a long term loyalty to the brand. It is all about offering unique experiences that differentiate them with their competitors (Jin, 2011)Read MoreAn Overview of Multinational Companies4189 Words   |  17 Pagesreferred to as a transnational corporation A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation. They play an important role in globalization Nearly all major  multinationals are either American, Japanese or  Western European, such as Nike, Coca-Cola, Wal-Mart, AOL, Toshiba, Honda and BMW. Advocates of multinationals say they createRead MoreDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words   |  68 PagesDarden Graduate School of Business Administration University of Virginia Candidate for Master of Business Administration, May 2011 ï‚ · GMAT: 700 ï‚ ¨ Clubs: Finance, Private Equity, and Real Estate Charlottesville, Virginia Brigham Young University, Marriott School of Management Bachelor of Science in Business Management – Finance, December 2005 ï‚ · Full academic scholarship(2005) ï‚ ¨ Finance GPA 3.87 ï‚ ¨ Cumulative GPA 3.47 ï‚ · Graduated in 34 months while working 20+ hours per week EXPERIENCE 2007 - 2009

Educational Psychology Classroom Interventional Strategies

Question: Discuss about theEducational Psychologyfor Classroom Interventional Strategies. Answer: Introduction Education is perceived as an enlightening experience by virtue of which knowledge is exchanged and shared through effective pedagogical approaches. However, the teaching styles followed by the educationists often pose challenges in terms of managing the pupils in classes. In this context, the classroom interventions comprising of the varied perspectives concerning emotional and humanistic aspect, cognitive aspect and behaviorist perspective may be mentioned (Entwistle, 2013). Therefore in the following assignment, discussions will be conducted based on these three modalities of classroom interventional strategies. The specific scenario pertaining to classroom management as encountered in case of Miss Lee will be critically analyzed and recommendations will be made in accordance with the most suitable interventional approach. The purpose of education is to facilitate the holistic development in a child through provision of a supportive learning environment conducive to both the academic and socio-emotional growth of the student. According to the situation depicted misbehavior of two primary boys during class hours cause hindrance to teaching by Miss Lee. Frequent disruptions while directing instructions offer major barriers to teaching. Moreover, adoption of kind and gentle attitude towards the misbehaving pupils on the part of the teacher has also gone in vain. Under this circumstance, following of emotional and humanistic style of classroom intervention may be beneficial. This approach aims to drive positive behavioral modifications among the concerned individuals through assistance given in understanding oneself, recognizing the futility of the misconduct and the need to utilize prosocial alternative responses. Infusion of strength based practices by means of accurate detection and engagement of person al character strengths are found to promote well being (Linkins et al., 2015). Controlling of student behavior in addition to nurturing responsibility through effective strategies formulated through integration of guidance, discipline and teaching elements have been identified as crucial factors for managing classroom behavior (Sun, 2015). Improvisation and maintenance of a positive as well as mutually respectful interaction among the teacher and student is the key to success in this type of intervention. In conjunction with the traditional and time tested interventions with respect to classroom management, cognitive approaches of classroom intervention is also considered as a crucial component. Cognition is a much talked about term that refers to the mental process of acquiring adequate knowledge and information by means of experience, perception and thoughts. Learning and classroom practice seem to be hugely influenced by cognitive psychology. For teachers acquainted with this intervention, learning is regarded as a cumulative process and emphasizes on the prior knowledge base for procuring effective learning benefits. Both the instructional procedures and content are thus selected by the teachers in conformity with the cognitive ability of the pupil who is being taught. Cognitive psychology is thus intimately related with personal constructivism where representation of knowledge and structuring in the memory plays an active and significant role in the pursuit of learning. Bruners t heory of cognitive development and learning, metacognition, learning strategies and self-regulated learning are amongst some of the recent proceeding pertaining to cognitive psychology (McInerney, 2013). A study conducted on children possessing symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) explored the efficacy of the classroom interventions to mitigate the issues relevant to off task and disruptive classroom behavior. The findings revealed that the classroom interventions are actually helpful and the types encompass from consequence based, antecedent based, self-regulation and combined. Behavioral and academic outcomes were also improved due to such interventions (Gaastra et al., 2016). Modulation of ones behavior has long been accepted as an efficient and long term interventional strategy to harbor positive outcomes. The students behavior can only be taken into proper control when the teacher engages in an empathetic yet supportive relationship and continuously make efforts to instill confidence in the student to do better in future days. Emotional and psychological influences and outcomes are emphasized while conducting the behavioral assessments and driving chances accordingly. Empirical research has highlighted the importance to develop innovative interventional approaches to effectively address the issues of challenging behaviors thereby providing resources to effectively manage the classrooms. Some of the important objectives of such intervention are to curtail the incidences concerning the discipline referral and suspensions of the students (Farmer, Reinke Brooks, 2014). Further other significant research has brought to the forefront the importance of instru ctional interventions in order to motivate classroom learning. Achievement of a particular goal and proper learning is ensured by means of motivation that in turn is dependent upon certain factors. Evidence based practice has provided insight into matters concerning the emotional and behavioral disorders in the students and have suggested on the promotion of the intensive interventional programs to foster productive classroom behaviors. Change of students attitudes and beliefs are found to be steered by virtue of effective implementation of psychologically informed instructional interventions. Teachings imparted to steer the new ways of responding, self-control to refrain from engaging in inappropriate actions are indispensable to alter the behavior positively through a grip on beliefs and practices (Lin-Siegler, Dweck Cohen, 2016). In view of the above discussions carried out with respect to the diverse classroom interventions, a dynamic and intervention continuum is advised to decrease the incidents of misbehaviors. The proper amalgamation of all the perspectives taken into holistic consideration might provide adequate resolution to the issues addressed. The applicability of the classroom interventions will depend on the circumstance under which the interventional strategies are utilized. Therefore in this context the promotion of an appropriate school climate has been suggested. Complete reformation and revamp of the school climate scenario has been recommended through proper evidence based school improvement strategy thereby accounting for improvements concerning the students, parents or guardians as well as school personnel. Effective collaboration and congenial working environment will foster safer, more supportive and involving working setting. The essential aspects related to the school climate consist o f significant components ranging from relationships, safety, teaching and learning, institutional environment and school improvement process (Thapa et al., 2013). The opinion and initiatives of the policymakers along with the voice of the stakeholders need to be addressed to account for a holistic development of the student. Therefore the misbehaviors of the students in classes may be cut down through attention being focused on the various classroom interventional approaches as applicable under different circumstances. References Entwistle, N. J. (2013).Styles of learning and teaching: An integrated outline of educational psychology for students, teachers and lecturers. Routledge. Farmer, T. W., Reinke, W. M., Brooks, D. S. (2014). Managing classrooms and challenging behavior: Theoretical considerations and critical issues. Gaastra, G. F., Groen, Y., Tucha, L., Tucha, O. (2016). The effects of classroom interventions on off-task and disruptive classroom behavior in children with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review.PloS one,11(2), e0148841. Linkins, M., Niemiec, R. M., Gillham, J., Mayerson, D. (2015). Through the lens of strength: A framework for educating the heart.The Journal of Positive Psychology,10(1), 64-68. Lin-Siegler, X., Dweck, C. S., Cohen, G. L. (2016). Instructional interventions that motivate classroom learning.Journal of Educational Psychology,108(3), 295. McInerney, D. M. (2013).Educational psychology: Constructing learning. Pearson Higher Education AU. Sun, R. C. (2015). Teachers' experiences of effective strategies for managing classroom misbehavior in Hong Kong.Teaching and Teacher Education,46, 94-103. Thapa, A., Cohen, J., Guffey, S., Higgins-DAlessandro, A. (2013). A review of school climate research.Review of Educational Research,83(3), 357-385.

Problems And Difficulties In Capital Budgeting Accounting Essay Essay Example

Problems And Difficulties In Capital Budgeting Accounting Essay Paper There are several factors and considerations which make the capital budgeting determinations as the most of import determination of finance director. The relevancy and significance of capital budgeting may be stated as follows: Long term consequence: Possibly, the most characteristics of a capital budgeting determinations and which makes the capital budgeting so important is that these determinations have a long footings effects on the hazard and return composing of the house. These determination affect the future place of the house to a considerable extent as the capital budgeting determinations have a long term deductions and effects. By taking a capital budgeting determination, a finance director in fact makes a committedness into the hereafter, both by perpetrating to the hereafter needs of financess of the undertakings and by perpetrating to its future deductions. The masking characteristic between short term determinations and capital budgeting determinations is the clip. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems And Difficulties In Capital Budgeting Accounting Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Problems And Difficulties In Capital Budgeting Accounting Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Problems And Difficulties In Capital Budgeting Accounting Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Significant Committedness: the capital budgeting determinations by and large involve big committedness of financess and as a consequence significant part of capital financess are block in the capital budgeting determinations. More attending is required for capital is required for capital budgeting determination. In footings hence, more attending is required for capital budgeting determinations, otherwise the house may endure from the heavy capital losingss in clip to come. It is besides possible that the return from a undertakings may non be sufficient plenty to warrant the capital budgeting determination. Irreversible determinations: most of the capital budgeting determinations are irreversible determinations. Once taken, the house may non be in a place to return back unless it is ready to absorb heavy losingss which may ensue due to abandoning a undertaking in midway. Therefore, the capital budgeting determinations should be taken merely after sing and measuring each minute item of the undertaking, otherwise the fiscal effects may be far making. Affect the capacity and strength to vie: the capital budgeting determinations affect the capacity and strength of a house to confront the competition. A house may lose fight if the determination to overhaul is delayed or non justly taken. Similarly, a timely determination to take over a minor rival may finally ensue even in the monopolistic place of the house. Problems and Troubles in Capital Budgeting The job in capital budgeting determinations may be as follows: Future uncertainness: all capital budgeting determinations involve long term which is unsure. Even if every attention is taken and the undertaking is evaluated every minute item, still 100 % correct and certain prognosis is non possible. The finance director covering with the capital budgeting determinations, hence, should seek to be every bit analytical as possible. The uncertainness of the capital budgeting determinations may be mention to cost of the undertaking, hereafter, legal commissariats, political state of affairs etc. Time Component: The deductions of a capital budgeting determination are scattered over a long period, the cost and benefit of a determination may happen at different point of clip. as a consequence, the cost and benefits of a capital budgeting determination are by and large non comparable unless adjusted for the clip value of money. The cost of a undertaking is incurred instantly ; nevertheless, it is recovered in figure of old ages. These entire returns may be more than the cost incurred, still the net benefit can non be ascertained unless the hereafter benefits are adjusted to do them comparable with the cost. Furthermore, the longer the clip period involved, the greater would be the uncertainness. Measurement Problem: sometimes a finance director may besides confront troubles in mensurating the cost and benefits of undertakings in quantitate footings. For illustration: the new merchandise produced to be launched by a house may ensue in addition or lessening due to other factor besides. Types Of Capital Budgeting Decisions The undertaking may besides be classified as gross bring forthing undertakings or cost reducing undertakings. In general, the undertakings can be categorized as follows: From the point position of firmaa‚Â ¬a„?s being: the capital budgeting determinations may be taken by a freshly incorporated house or by an already existing house. New Firm: A new integrated house may be required to take different determinations such as choice of a works to be installed, capacity use at initial phases, to put up or non at the same time the accessory unit etc. Existing Firm: A house which is already bing may besides be required to take assorted determinations from clip to clip to run into the challenges of competition or altering environment. From the point of position of determination state of affairs: The capital budgeting determinations may besides be classified from the point of position of the determination state of affairs as follows: Mutually Exclusive Decisions: Two or more alternate proposals are said to be reciprocally sole when credence of one alternate consequence in automatic rejection of all other proposals. The reciprocally sole determinations occur when a house has more than one alternate but competitory proposal before it. For illustration, choosing one hardship bureau to take attention of the promotional run out justly rejects all other competitory bureaus. Similarly, choice of one location out of different executable locations is a reciprocally sole determination. Accept-Reject Decisions: An Accept-Reject determination occurs when a proposal is independently accepted or rejected without respect to any other alternate proposal. This type of determination is made when proposal is cost and benefits neither consequence nor are affected by the cost and benefits of other proposals. Contingent Decisions: sometimes, a capital budgeting determination is contingent to some other determination. For illustration, cybernation of a bank subdivision may necessitate non merely air-conditioning but besides transportation of some staff member to other subdivisions. Similarly, put ining a undertaking at some distant location may necessitate outgo or development of substructure besides. Solution CALUCATION OF CASH FLOWS Particulars Sum Net income before revenue enhancement and depreciation ( PBT ) Depreciation ( w.note ) 2,00,000 -1,53,343 Net income before revenue enhancement Tax @ 50 % 46,657 23,329 Net income after revenue enhancement ( PAT ) 23,328 Cash influx ( each twelvemonth ) = Net income after revenue enhancement ( PAT ) + depreciation = 23,328 + 1,53,343 = Rs.1,76,671 Terminal influx in the 7th twelvemonth = Rs.30,000 ( trash value ) Working NOTESaa‚Â ¬ : Calculation of depreciation = Cost of works + installing cost aa‚Â ¬ bit value Economic life = 11,00,000 + 3,400 aa‚Â ¬ 30,000 7yrs = Rs.1,53,343 CALCULATION OF NET PRESENT VALUE Year hard currency influx PVF ( 10 % , N ) Entire PVF ( Rs. ) 1 1,76,671 0.909 1,60,594 2 1,76,671 0.826 1,45,931 3 1,76,671 0.751 1,32,680 4 1,76,671 0.683 1,20,667 5 1,76,671 0.621 1,09,713 6 1,76,671 0.564 99,643 7 1,76,671+30,000 =2,06,671 0.513 1,06,022 Sum of influxs 8,75,250 Less: hard currency escape ( at clip 0 ) -11,03,340 ( Plant cost +installation charges ) NPV ( 2,27,975 ) NPV = PRESENT VALUE OF CASH INFLOW PRESENT VALUE OF CASH OUTFLOW Decision Since the NPV of the proposal is negative, the proposal needs to be rejected.