Nevada State Senatorial Race Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nevada State Senatorial Race - Research Paper Example The challenge for the Nevada State Senate depended on a solitary seat. The challenged seat was District 9, in a challenge that made Becky Harris (R) beat momentum Justin Jones (D). GOP foreseen that Jones political decision for requiring foundation investigation for individual firearm deals would swing voters to choose Harris (Ballotpedia, 2014). The Nevada State Senate relied on a 20 state lawmaking chambers famous by Ballotpedia work force similar to a combat zone chamber. The Nevada Senate had a dissimilarity in divided harmony among Republicans and Democrats of one seat, which prompted 9% of the opening for casting a ballot in 2014 (Ballotpedia, 2014). In a survey of the practices of Nevada’s Senators, I would state the practices don't coordinate more to the parties’ talk. This is on the grounds that the forces gave on them outperform divided behaviors. The Constitution engages the Senate the power to underwrite, by a 66% larger part, understandings made by the regulatory branch. The Senate has disposed of similarly not many of the several understandings it has evaluated, albeit a few have bombed in panel or been restrained by the president. They may likewise modify an understanding or embrace corrections to an understanding (Unite States Senate, n.d). The head of state may likewise go into managerial concurrences with abroad countries not influenced by Senate endorsement. The Senate has the single power to lead brings preliminaries, basically giving as judge and jury (Unite States Senate, n.d). Since 1789, the Senate has sentenced seventeen government authorities, involving two presidents. The Senate has continually jealously protected its position to survey and recognize or dismiss presidential decisions to execute and legal branch seats. The Constitution engages that the head of state will choose, and by and with the insight and endorsement of the Senate, will recruit Ambassadors (Unite States Senate, n.d). In considering the above constitution duties that congresspersons

American transcendentalism Essay Example For Students

American introspective philosophy Essay American TranscendentalismI went to the forested areas since I wished to live purposely, to from just basic unavoidable truths that apply to everyone, and check whether I was unable to realize what it needed to educate, and not, when I came to kick the bucket, find that I had not lived (Thoreau). American Transcendentalism was a scholarly and philosophical development that rose in New England around 1836 and thrived for a long time until 1846. This way of thinking affected American religion, reasoning, governmental issues, writing, and workmanship. The American Transcendentalist dismissed this experimentation, affirming that knowledge is inalienable in the spirit of every person. The underlying foundations of the Transcendentalists humanistic way of thinking is what lifts up the person as a reflection and fundamental piece of Gods divine universe. As per pundits, American Transcendentalism was driven by the conditions of nineteenth-century American life. American Transcendentalism is established in the American past. It owes its unavoidable ethical quality and the tenet of awesome light to such parts of Puritanism and its idea of nature as a living puzzle and not a perfect timing universe which is fixed and perpetual to the Romanticism age (Reuben 2). The American scene propelled the Transcendentalists worship for nature, which gave them a great part of the continuing language and similitude of their way of thinking. Among the main advocates of American Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson is broadly viewed as its focal figure and catalyzing power. Pundits frequently refer to his exposition Nature and An Address Delivered Before the Senior Class in Divinity College as touchstones of the development. His resulting papers, diaries, and sonnets are attributed with giving further shape to its standards. Emerson was likewise a significant motivation to such creators as Walt Whitman, who, alongside Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Emily Dickinson, and Edgar Allan Poe, were firmly impacted by Transcendentalism (Mullen and Wilson 1). Maybe the most popular and generally powerful of Emersons prompt devotees is Henry David Thoreau, noted for his book Walden; or Life in the Woods, which has been viewed as a nature study, profound self-portrayal, and philosophical unique, for his Civil Disobedience, an original exposition sketching out tranquil social dissent. Among American Transcendentalisms other k ey figures was Margaret Fuller, editorial manager of the main Transcendentalist periodical, The Dial, and creator of Woman in the Nineteenth Century, thought about an essential record of American women's liberation. The flows of the Universal Being through me; I am a piece of molecule of God. Ralph Waldo Emerson had confidence so as to fathom the celestial, God, and the universe, one must rise above or go past the physical and passionate portrayals of typical human idea. With that way of thinking, Emerson turned into the pioneer of rationalists and essayists named Transcendentalist. His exposition Nature, is viewed as the good news of American Transcendentalism. The significant theory of this exposition, in Emersons words, is that we should now appreciate a unique migration to the universe and not become subject to past encounters of others (Reuben 2). Emerson isolated the universe into two essential classifications, nature and soul, and continually looked to clarify the interrelations of both. Keeps an eye on key to these relations, what Emerson called analogies, was singular instinct, which can't come up short since it is fundamentally and initially connected to the all inclusive soul. Emerson s Transcendentalism in this manner proposed a goals of the duality that characterizes the human condition through the forces of human instinct. This double angle represents no issue or logical inconsistency for Transcendentalism, which sees a correlatively concordance of the individual and the universe (Bousman 1). On the off chance that a man doesn't stay up with his associates, maybe it is on the grounds that he hears an alternate drummer. Let him venture to the music which he hears, anyway estimated or distant (Derleth 14). Henry David Thoreau was one of Emersons most noted supporters. Thoreau is eminent for his book, Walden, which is a record of Thoreaus multi year test of living at Walden Pond. Thoreaus principle accentuation is on the disentanglements and happiness regarding life now. Thoreaus other noted work incorporates the article Resistance to Civil government otherwise called Civil Disobedience. Thoreau was sent to prison for not covering assessments, and this acclaimed and powerful article is the consequence of that motion. Its message is straightforward and challenging, he advocates activities through standards. On the off chance that the requests of an administration of a general public are in opposition to a people inner voice, it is his/her obligation to dismiss them. Maintaini ng moral law rather than social law partitions the individual, isolating the malevolent in him from the heavenly (Reuben 2). Motivated by Thoreaus message, Mahatma Gandhi sorted out an enormous opposition of Indians against British control of India. Thoreaus words have likewise roused the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., harmony marchers. The notoriety of Thoreau was best noted by Emerson, who expressed, He was reproduced to no calling; he never went to chapel; her never casted a ballot; he wouldn't pay expense to the State; he ate no substance; he drank no wine; he never knew the utilization of tobacco; and, however a naturalist, he utilized neither snare nor firearm (Reuben 5). .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e , .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e .postImageUrl , .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e , .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e:hover , .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e:visited , .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e:active { border:0!important; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e:active , .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e:hover { haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u1664bed5351c0 789abcc18d9d0b5541e .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u1664bed5351c0789abcc18d9d0b5541e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Team Conflict Resolution EssayWhat lady needs isn't a lady to act or rule, however as a nature to develop, as an insight to perceive, as a spirit to live openly, and unobstructed to unfurl such powers as were given her when we left our normal home. Margaret Fuller was a significant female creator during the Transcendentalism time frame. Her significant works remembered Summer for the Lakes and Women in the Nineteenth-Century. Fuller filled in as a teacher, as a manager, held discussions, was dynamic in change, and went to Europe as a remote reporter, were she met her better half and on the excursion back would suffocate. As an essayist, she is appreciated as a scholarly pundit a for her feelings to the predicament for the Indians (Reuben 1). She has composed on such subjects as introspective philosophy, womens rights, basic hypothesis, sexual orientation jobs, and political change in Europe. The Transcendentalist were various youthful Americans, a large portion of them naturally introduced to the Unitarianism of New England in the mid nineteenth century, who during the 1830s got amped up for the new writing of England, and who immediately rebelled against the realism of their dads (Miller 1). In spite of the fact that they were dynamic for a moderately short period, they were focused in a tight land zone enveloping the New England region, and were berated in their time as fanatics and radicals. Their impact was phenomenally wide. In American religion, the development introduced a time of extraordinary discussion and change. Rationally, it solidified the key thoughts of American majority rule government and religion. The development is likewise noted for its noteworthy commitment to social change. The American Transcendentalist are viewed as visionaries in their mentalities toward such issues as social dissent, balance of the genders, inventive and participatory training for youngsters, and work change. The Transcendentalism development is recognized as having mixed American writing with its own unmistakable character. The creators of what has been known as the Renaissance time frame, including Melville, Whitman, Hawthorne, and Dickinson, were colossally affected by American Transcendentalism in style, subject, and thought. They were not simply the makers they accepted, however they were oblivious prophets of a genuine condition of society; one which the inclinations of nature lead unto, one which consistently builds up itself

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Today the blog kicks of the third annual new student summer photo series.   We welcome incoming students to submit photos and details about how to do so and what to include can be found in this entry.   It does take us a bit of time to post photos so if you do not see yours, rest assured we will work them into the rotation.   Thanks! This first set of photos was submitted by Cindy Hollenberg, an incoming MPA student.   All photos were taken in Guatemala (2009). The first two photos attached were taken in a small town (Almolonga)   outside of Quetzaltenango (aka Xelaju) at a parade for their annual   festival honoring their patron saint. The Alomonga Queen and her King note the traditional dress of the   Mayan people. Alomonga parade little boys show off their step.   Interesting   to note the cowboy flavor (but a formal variety) of these little guys costumes. I worked at a womens cooperative in Quetzaltenango for a couple of   weeks, where I learned traditional weaving.   This is me weaving a scarf   for my partner.   I 32 inch by 6 inch scarf took me about 22 hours to   complete and that was AFTER the women at the cooperative set up the   loom for me!   Nice ones produced by the women there cost about US $8.   They can make one scarf in a day.   A big problem with the work is back   problems. This next set of photos is from Keenan Mahoney, an incoming MIA student. Photos from Paris La Basilique du Sacre-CÅ"ur:   Photo of the amazing architecture of the basilica taken from around back, where youll typically find yourself separated from the rest of the mob of tourists. Père Lachaise:   Photo of one of the many streets in the very famous cemetery, home to the likes of Jim Morrison, Oscar Wilde, and the rich and famous of Paris. Les Jardins du château de Versailles A quiet spot in the gardens, which is a nice relief from the wall-to-wall people inside the château.

Rumiqolqa - Primary Source of Incan Masonry

Rumiqolqa (spelled variously Rumiqullqa, Rumi Qullqa or Rumicolca) is the name of the major stone quarry used by the Inca Empire to construct its buildings, roads, plazas and towers. Located approximately 35 kilometers (22 miles) southeast of the Inca capital of Cusco in the Rio Huatanay valley of Peru, the quarry is on the left bank of the river Vilcanota, off the Inca road leading from Cusco to Qollasuyu. Its elevation is 3,330 meters (11,000 feet), which is slightly below Cusco, at 3,400 m (11,200 ft). Many of the buildings in the royal district of Cusco were constructed of finely cut ashlar stone from Rumiqolqa. The name Rumiqolqa means stone storehouse in the Quechua language, and it was used as a quarry in highland Peru perhaps beginning in the Wari period (~550-900 AD) and up through the latter part of the 20th century. The Inca period Rumiqolqa operation probably spanned an area of between 100 and 200 hectares (250-500 acres). The main stone at Rumiqolqa is bedrock, a dark grey horneblende andesite, made up of plagioclase feldspar, basaltic horneblende and biotite. The rock is flow-banded and sometimes glassy, and it sometimes exhibits conchoidal fractures. Rumiqolqa is the most important of the many quarries used by the Inca for constructing administrative and religious buildings, and they sometimes transported building material thousands of kilometers from the point of origin. Multiple quarries were used for many of the buildings: typically Inca stonemasons would use the closest quarry for a given structure but transport in stone from other, more distant quarries as minor but important pieces. Rumiqolqa Site Features The site of Rumiqolqa is primarily a quarry, and features within its boundaries include access roads, ramps and staircases leading to the different quarrying areas, as well as an impressive gate complex restricting access to the mines. In addition, the site has the ruins of what were likely residences for the quarry workers and, according to local lore, the supervisors or administrators of those workers. One Inca-era quarry at Rumiqolqa was nicknamed the Llama Pit by researcher Jean-Pierre Protzen, who noted two rock art petrogylphs of llamas on the adjacent rock face. This pit measured about 100 m (328 ft) long, 60 m (200 ft) wide and 15-20 m (50-65 ft) deep, and at the time Protzen visited in the 1980s, there were 250 cut stones finished and ready to be shipped still in place. Protzen reported that these stones were hewn and dressed on five of the six sides. At the Llama Pit, Protzen identified 68 simple river cobbles of various sizes which had been used as hammerstones to cut the surfaces and draft and finish the edges. He also conducted experiments and was able to replicate results of the Inca stonemasons using similar river cobbles. Rumiqolqa and Cusco Thousands of andesite ashlars quarried at Rumicolca were used in the construction of palaces and temples in the royal district of Cusco, including the temple of Qoricancha, the Aqllawasi (house of the chosen women) and Pachacutis palace called the Cassana. Massive blocks, some of which weighed over 100 metric tons (about 440,000 pounds), were used in construction at Ollantaytambo and Sacsaywaman, both relatively closer to the quarry than Cusco proper. Guaman Poma de Ayala, a 16th century Quechua chronicler, described a historic legend surrounding the building of the Qoriqancha by Inka Pachacuti [ruled 1438-1471], including the process of bringing extracted and partially worked stones up into Cusco via a series of ramps. Other Sites Dennis Ogburn (2004), a scholar who has dedicated some decades to investigating Inca quarry sites, discovered that carved ashlars of stone from Rumiqolqa were conveyed all the way to Saraguro, Ecuador, some 1,700 km (~1,000 mi) along the Inca Road from the quarry. According to Spanish records, in the final days of the Inca Empire, the Inka Huayna Capac [ruled 1493-1527] was establishing a capital at the center of Tomebamba, close to the modern town of Cuenca, Ecuador, using stone from Rumiqolqa. This claim was upheld by Ogburn, who found that a minimum of 450 cut ashlar stones are currently in Ecuador, although they were removed from Huayna Capacs structures in the 20th century and reused to build a church in Paquishapa. Ogborn reports that the stones are well-shaped parallelepipeds, dressed on five or six sides, each with an estimated mass of between 200-700 kilograms (450-1500 pounds). Their origin from Rumiqolqa was established by comparing the results of XRF geochemical analysis on uncleaned exposed building surfaces to fresh quarry samples (see Ogburn and others 2013). Ogburn cites the Inca-Quechua chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega who noted that by building important structures from the Rumiqolqa quarry in his temples in Tomebamba, Huayna Capac was in effect transferring the power of Cusco to Cuenca, a strong psychological application of Incan propaganda. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to Quarry Sites, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Hunt PN. 1990. Inca volcanic stone provenance in the Cuzco province, Peru. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 1(24-36). Ogburn DE. 2004. Evidence for Long-Distance Transportation of Building Stones in the Inka Empire, from Cuzco, Peru to Saraguro, Ecuador. Latin American Antiquity 15(4):419-439. Ogburn DE. 2004a. Dynamic Display, Propaganda, and the Reinforcement of Provincial Power in the Inca Empire. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 14(1):225-239. Ogburn DE. 2013. Variation in Inca Building Stone Quarry Operations in Peru and Ecuador. In: Tripcevich N, and Vaughn KJ, editors. Mining and Quarrying in the Ancient Andes: Springer New York. p 45-64. Ogburn DE, Sillar B, and Sierra JC. 2013. Evaluating effects of chemical weathering and surface contamination on the in situ provenance analysis of building stones in the Cuzco region of Peru with portable XRF. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(4):1823-1837. Pigeon G. 2011. Inca architecture : the function of a building in relation to its form. La Crosse, WI: University of Wisconsin La Crosse. Protzen J-P. 1985. Inca Quarrying and Stonecutting. The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 44(2):161-182.

Language Development of a Child from Birth to 5 Years

Introduction Language is a code made up of rules that include what words mean, how to make words, how to put them together, and what word combinations are best in what situations. Speech is the oral form of language. The purpose of this study is to find out the developmental stages the child goes through in the acquisition of language from birth to 5 years. Language is a beautiful gift. With it we can share our wants, our needs, our thoughts, our feelings, and everything that makes us human. If you spend time with a child, you have the power to give and nurture this gift of communication. Many factors affect the rate at which a child develops language. Sometimes language development slows down while a child is learning other skills,†¦show more content†¦Parental observation helped a great deal in compiling the information as it acted like a progress report where I could monitor how the child’s language developed over a short period of time. As this research was built on the cross-sectional design, parental observations were very useful. The need to get the subject accustomed to the observer and other problems that crop up were avoided by using the parent, a familiar person as the observer. Results Case Studies As this research was based on the Cross- Sectional design, only the information relevant to the age group the child belongs has been stated. The history of each subject’s language development from birth has not been discussed. The names of the participants have been changed to maintain their anonymity. All other details are accurate and factual. Case Study 1 Nazmia is 5 months old. She was born in July 2006. She belongs to a Muslim, lower middle class family. The household includes her maternal grandparents and an aunt. From around the age of 3 months, Nazmia was highly sensitive to the human voice and would listen attentively to the human voice more than any other sound. Beginning from producing only cries, around 3  ½ months she began cooing and laughing around 4  ½ months. She nowShow MoreRelatedIndia Is The Big Country With Big Diversity?1610 Words   |  7 Pagesvarieties of languages speak by people across India. We have different states the people of different sate speak difference languages. People of Maharashtra speak Marathi language; people of Gujarat speak Guajarati language but within Gujarat there are varieties of languages which are speak by people in different part of Gujarat. For example kathiyavadi in saurasthrra, surti in Surat and nearby areas etc. This is not only in Gujarat but same story of all states across I ndia. Language is one of importantRead MoreChildhood Apraxia Of Speech : A Motor Speech Disorder1715 Words   |  7 PagesSpeech (CAS) Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. In CAS a child might have problems performing the correct movements for speech due to signaling problems between the brain and the muscles used for speech production. This signaling problem causes the child to have difficulty learning accurate speech movements. Speech movements that a normal developing child learns with ease are difficult for a child with apraxia of speech. The cause of childhood apraxia of speech is unknown. HoweverRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Birth Order on Learning and Development1225 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Birth Order on Learning and Development Birth order is a topic studied by many psychologists through numerous different studies and conflicting viewpoints. In respect to the order in which children are born, psychologists have labeled specific personality traits for each child. While psychologists continue to disagree on the amount of emphasis to be placed on birth order and personality, studies have shown family size can be a determining factor in a child’s learning and developmentRead MoreDevelopment Of Children s Language1485 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss the development of children s language, and the different rates that children learn the language and the methods that they use to do this, this also takes into account those children who have SEN, learning difficulties or children who have been diagnosed with a language delay. The definition of language delay is; if he or she is not meeting the language developmental milestones for his or her age. (www.healthline.com/health/language-delay) Child A 3 Years 5 Months Child, A was sat playingRead MoreSummerise the Main Development of a Child from Age Range 0-2 Years, 3-5 Years and 5-8 Years1098 Words   |  5 PagesSummarise the main development of a child from the age range 0-2 years, 3-5 years and 5-8 years. Development refers to the process of learning new skills and abilities, and acquiring emotional maturity. All development changes are the result of both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors and diet are in the main responsible for growth, whereas environmental factors such as quality of the diet and disease are responsible for the emotional growth. ‘Child development’ is the term givenRead MoreThe Oral Skills Of Little Children Essay970 Words   |  4 Pageslittle children. It was claimed that children who were told stories would use more formal language than the those who do not. We are three first and second grade teachers, we were wondering how we could use this idea in our classrooms to measure how storytelling and story reading influence the language development. We wanted to see if adding oral storytelling or reading would help our students in their oral language. This study was conducted on 30 first and second grade children aged between 7 and 8 livingRead MoreBrain Development914 Words   |  4 PagesBrain development in the first two years is the most important and critical. Maria Montessori referred to this time as of the absorbent mind Early brain development is the frame work for the road ahead. When and how the brain develops in the first two years will play a critical role into adulthood. At birth, the brain is the only incomplete organ. The brain will continue to grow through childhood and adolescents. During the first two years the brain is the most flexible and prepared to learnRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Development On Child Development1380 Words   |  6 Pageschildrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬TMs development from birth to 19 years old they will be following the sequence of development which will be in the same ways for each child as they have to learn one skill before they can learn the next one but each child will progress at a different rate of development. Each children with develop with in four areas which are Physical development, language development, social and emotional development and then intellectual development. Physical development The physical development is the oneRead MoreDevelopment Stages children 0-81531 Words   |  7 Pages1. 1. Summarise the main development of a child from the age range 0-2 years, 3-5 years and 5-8 years. 0-2 Years Newborn babies grow extremely quickly. During ‘Infancy’, which lasts from birth to eighteen months, babies change from a helpless newborn, to a child who can lift up their own head at three months, sit up unsupported at six months, walk at sixteen months and kick and throw a ball at two years old. Newborn babies actually lose some of their birth weight to begin with, but thenRead MoreSensitive Period and Absorbent Mind1093 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment required for sensitive period At birth the child s physical development is more or less complete while psychologically it is still in the embryonic state. For this reason Dr. Maria Montessori called that the human being is still a spiritual embryo when it is born. Man seems to have two embryonic periods, one is prenatal like that of the animals; the other is postnatal and only man has this. -The Absorbent Mind, p55, Chapter 7. â€Å"A child possesses an active psychic life even when

Self Esteem with Parents Free Essays

Self-esteem refers to a person’s subjective positive or negative appraisal of oneself (Sedikides Gregg 2003). Research has found that being a parent from two parent family improves self esteem levels (David, H 1987). The current study aims to investigate this relationship using the Rosenburg self-esteem questionnaire. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Esteem with Parents or any similar topic only for you Order Now The test recruited 40 participants, 20 from two parent families and 20 from single who each completed the questionnaire. Data analysis found that although there is a small relationship between the two, the effect is not large enough to support the findings by H, David.The implications are important in terms of parenting and it may be interesting to investigate whether employment status has an impact and how much this affects their children. Measuring levels of self esteem in two parent and single parent families Self-esteem or self-worth refers to a person’s subjective appraisal of himself or herself as intrinsically positive or negative (Sedikides Gregg 2003). Sedikides and Gregg also stated that self-esteem involves both self-relevant beliefs and associated emotions and finds expression in behaviour.In addition, self-esteem can be construed as an enduring personality characteristic (trait) or as a temporary psychological condition and may be specific to a particular dimension (â€Å"I believe I am a good writer, and feel proud of that in particular†) or global in extent (â€Å"I believe I am a good person, and feel proud of myself in general†). The term â€Å"self-esteem† was first coined by William James in 1890 (www. psychologytoday. com). One of the oldest concepts in psychology, self-esteem is the third most frequently occurring theme in psychological literature (Rodewalt Tragakis 20 03). Given such a long and varied history, it is not surprising to find that many theoretical perspectives have their own definition of self-esteem. Three major definitions exist, each of which has generated its own research, findings, and practical applications. The original definition by William James sees self-esteem as a ratio of successes compared to failures in areas of life that are important to a given individual, or that individual’s â€Å"success (to) pretensions† ratio (James 1890). Albert Bandura in his theory of social learning developed the concept of â€Å"self-efficacy† which is similar to this concept of self-esteem.The next being developed in the mid 1960s by Morris Rosenberg a social-learning theorists, she defined self-esteem in terms of a stable sense of personal worth or worthiness, (see Rosenberg self esteem scale fig4). This became the most frequently used definition for research, but involves problems of boundary-definition, making self-esteem indistinguishable from such things as narcissism or simple bragging. The third, Nathaniel Branden in 1969 briefly defined self-esteem as â€Å". .. the experience of being competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and being worthy of happiness†.This two-factor approach, as some have also called it, provides a balanced definition that seems to be capable of dealing with limits of defining self-esteem primarily in terms of competence or worth alone. Branden’s (1969) description of self-esteem includes the following primary properties: A: self-esteem as a basic human need, i. e. , â€Å". .. it makes an essential contribution to the life process†, â€Å"†¦ is indispensable to normal and healthy self-development, and has a value for survival. † B: self-esteem as an automatic and inevitable consequence of the sum of individuals’ choices in using their consciousness. C: something experienced as a part of, or background to, all of the individuals thoughts, feelings and actions. Self esteem is a concept of personality, for it to grow, we need to have self worth, and this self worth will be sought from embracing challenges that result in the showing of success. (http://www. growing-self-esteem. com/definition-of-self-esteem. html) High self-esteem is a positive opinion of oneself whereas low self esteem is a negative opinion of oneself. Low self esteem feeds your negative thinking and causes you to believe the criticism others make of you. This can cause you to lose confidence so it is vital to end negative thoughts if you want to build your self esteem. High self-esteem is the opposite of the above and means you will be confident, happy, highly motivated and have the right attitude to succeed. (Cassel, E and Berstein, A Douglas,2007, pg 97) Self esteem is crucial and is a cornerstone of a positive attitude towards living. It is very important because it affects how you think, act and even how you relate to other people. It allows you to live life to your potential. A nuclear family is the term used to simply define a wife/mother, husband/father and their children.A single parent family is a family were a parent lives with dependent children, either alone or in a larger household, without a spouse or partner. Single-parent families are families with children under age 18 headed by a parent who is widowed or divorced and not remarried, or by a parent who has never married. (Sociology class notes) There are many sites about single parents and how living in that life style can affect a child’s self-esteem, but there are not that many that look at the parents self esteem. One that was cited on a page in www. parentingrc. org does look at the single parent and the effects it may have on them.With this in mind, it is important that more research is done on the parents and how self-esteem affects them. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether self-esteem levels of a single parent would be significantly lower than that of two parent family. Null hypothesish0: There will be no difference in levels of self esteem between parents from single parent and two parent families. Alternative hypothesish1: Single parents will have a significantly lower self-esteem than that of a parent who is part of a couple. Method Participants The participants for this experiment had to fit into 2 separate categories.The first would be that they had to have a child or children, and the other is that they were either a single parent or part of a couple. There were 40 participants chosen in total; 20 single parents and 20 parents in a couple. Opportunity sampling was used by asking individuals in the college library, the remainder were amongst close friends and family. Basic demographic information was collected, including age and gender however, this information did not play any part in the experiment. All participants were asked to sign a consent form and were also offered the opportunity to view their own results after it had been marked.Measures and Apparatus (RSS) (Appendix A) The Rosenberg self esteem questionnaire was used to measure self esteem (Rosenberg, M. (1965). This is a 10 item questionnaire which has been found to have high reliability and good validity (http://www. doorway-to-self-esteem. com/rosenberg-self-esteem-scale. html). The level of self esteem was assessed in by a complete score of 0-15 for low self esteem and 15-25 for high self-esteem. The researcher used 40 copies of this questionnaire, information sheets (Appendix B), consent forms (Appendix C) and a pen. Design The researcher used an independent group questionnaire design.The independent variable is whether or not the participant was a single parent or part of a couple and the dependent variable is the level of self-esteem. Procedure Participants were gathered using opportunity sampling in the college library as well as recruiting family and friends. Participants were asked to attend college where they were seated and presented with the self esteem questionnaire (which). Before testing began, participants were asked to read the information sheet to ensure they completely understood what would happen and were reminded that they were permitted to withdraw from the experiment at any time. They then began to fill in the questionnaires. When complete, the questionnaires were collected and marked and scored. Data analysis then commenced. Results Appropriate statistical analysis of the data was completed to assess the hypotheses. GRAPH Figure 1. Self esteem of parents from two parent and single parent families. This graph shows that single parents have a slightly lower score than parents in a couple. The mean score also supports this evidence as for single parents it is  µ12 and for a parent part of a couple it is  µ16. The median supports this at 13 for single parents and 17 for parents from two parent families.The range was 17 which shows the distribution of the sample was high. The results show that there is a difference in self-esteem between the two types of families. Single parents on average do have lower self-esteem but not such the massive difference as was expected. Discussion The aim of the study was to show that single parents will have a significantly lower level of self-esteem than parents that are part of a couple. Although the results do show that there is a difference and that they indeed have lower self-esteem, the results were not as was expected as the difference was a lot smaller. The researcher expected the majority of single parents to have lower levels due to the emotional implications put upon them by being alone. The feeling of loneliness, isolation and the sheer frustration of having to do everything alone, and not being able to focus on themselves but dedicating all of their time and their whole world on their children, would have surely had an effect on their self-esteem. There are a few things that may have affected the results of this experiment. As self esteem is a sensitive topic for many people it is possible that some participants may have answered according to what is considered socially acceptable.Many people may feel uncomfortable revealing whether they have a high or low opinion of themselves. The results may have also been subject to participant bias as they may have answered in the way they thought the researcher might have wanted them to. If this experiment was to be repeated in the future the appropriate changes would be made. The revelations of this study have shown that with all the other research being done regarding a child’s self-esteem being in a single parent family, it is of equal importance that research is done on the effects to the parent as well.Having only one parent will affect a child’s self-esteem, but what about the parents and the psychological effects it might have on them. An interesting discovery was that parents, single or not, who were in full time employment or education seemed to display higher levels of self esteem than expected. This may due to them having something of their own and a feeling of self worth. In future, it may be worth studying this effect further as the implications are important in terms of parenting. The effect that this as on the children may also be worth investigating to find whether this has a positive or negative effect on their self esteem. Appendix A Scores are calculated as follows: †¢ For items 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7: |Strongly agree = 3 | |Agree = 2 | |Disagree = 1 | |Strongly disagree = 0 | †¢ For items 3, 5, 8, 9, and 10 (which are reversed in valence): |Strongly agree = 0 | |Agree = 1 | |Disagree = 2 | |Strongly disagree = 3 | The scale ranges from 0-30. Scores between 15 and 25 are within normal range; scores below 15 suggest low self-esteem. Appendix B The Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale is a short questionnaire that gives you a quick, thumbnail sketch of your level of self esteem. It takes 5 minutes to complete. The results of this questionnaire will reflect back to you your own beliefs about your self esteem. Answer as honestly as possible Because it is a self-report questionnaire (you fill in the answers about yourself) and the questions are fairly simple and transparent you can easily manipulate the result to get the answer you wish for. Try it and see). With these types of questionnaires the accuracy of the result depends on your sincerity and level of self awareness. If you answer sincerely and have an accurate image of yourself, then the results will reflect your real level of self esteem. If you are motivated to answer in a particular way (positive or negative) because of who will see your results, or if your self image is not accurate, then the end result might not reflect your actual level of self esteem, but rather what you believe to be your level of self esteem. If you wish to pull out of the experiment at anytime please do so. How to cite Self Esteem with Parents, Papers

Marketing and Strategy Market Segmentation

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Strategy for Market Segmentation. Answer: Introduction: It has been found that the company GoPro targeted mainly young, active and extreme sports enthusiastic customers. It has been found that, the company has mainly positioned its camera for audacious and passionate people who are keen to share their exciting features with the world. It includes adventurous dreamers, surfers and sky divers. The company mainly competes in the action cam marke with the help of niche segmentation strategy. According to the manager of the company GoPro Companys offer and image can be developed in such a way that it can occupy a distinct and value place in the target customers mind. The anatomy of brand positioning for the company GoPro are brand heritage, brand domain, brand personality, brand inflection, brand assets and brand value. The products of Gopro are mainly developed for extreme sport heritage (brand heritage). The company characterized the customers according to their passion and habits. The company has targeted its products for a specific buying situation If you go on a trip or adventure, how would you immortalize those precious moments (Gopro 2016). Mainly two segments of customers are targeted by the company. Extreme sports people and enthusiastic people who are eager to share their exciting experiences. Dolnicar Sara and Leisch (2014) mentioned that brand value of the company GoPro can simulate passion and excitement among consumers. According to the manager of GoPro We are passionate about the idea of what we can actually do in this world. Be a Hero! Versatility and durability of GoPro products help it to get best position in the market. It helps to satisfy traditional values of love, freedom, sharing and modern values like entertainment. In order to discuss the brand inflection the manager of the company stated It can improve your social status and help you to fulfill your dreams. Our products can help our customers to become master of our life and help them to enjoy every second. Sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication and ruggedness are the brand personality of the company that can help its products to get sustainable position in the market (Del Vigna 2013). In recent years market segmentation has become an important part of marketing strategy for all companies. GutiĆ¡ Dragutin and PetriĆ¡ (2012) stated Market segmentationis amarketing strategywhich involves dividing a broadtarget marketinto subsets ofconsumers,businesses, orcountries that have, or are perceived to have, common needs, interests, and priorities, and then designing and implementing strategies to target them. Market segmentation strategies are generally used to identify and further define the target customers, and provide supporting data for marketing plan elements such aspositioningto achieve certain marketing plan objectives. Businesses may developproduct differentiationstrategies, or anundifferentiated approach, involving specific products orproduct linesdepending on the specific demand and attributes of the target segment. It has been fund that there are mainly five types of market segmentations strategies are used by different companies. They are li ke Geographic, demographic, behavioral, psychographic and occasional segmentation. It has been found that the company GoPro mainly focuses on niche segmentation or psychographic segmentation. It is often known as lifestyle segmentation (Joppe and Luc 2013). It can be measured by studying Activities, Interests and Opinions (AIO) of consumers. In this segmentation strategy, the company needs to consider how people use to spend their leisure. Dolnicar Sara and Leisch (2014) indicated psychographics as important part of segmentation. Psychographics identify the personal activities and targeted lifestyle the target subject endures, or the image they are attempting to project (Dolnicar Sara and Leisch 2014). It has been found form various research works that the company GoPro mainly targets young, enthusiastic customers, who are extreme sports lovers (Maricic Branko and Djordjevic. 2015). The company develops high quality cameras for audacious and passionate people, who are eager to share their exciting experiences with the world such as surfers and sky diver. The company tries share energy, propulsion and freedom with the help of its brand elements. The slogan of the company Be a hero is meaningful, memorable, likeable and justified with the market segment as this desire transcends categorical and geographical boundaries (GutiĆ¡ Dragutin and PetriĆ¡ 2012). The company has provided different unique features in the products that help the company to establish a strong brand following. They are such as Night mode features for optimal low light performance, digital zooming and high quality microphones. The company mainly focuses on action cameras to position itself against major competitors such as Panasonic, Canon, Nikon and Olympus. The company has captured 90% of the action camera market (Dolnicar Sara and Leisch 2014). The company thrives to become a media company in order to develop a strong ecosystem and thwart off the future competition. There is graph given below to indicate the increase of revenue and number of unit sold for the company GoPro from 2011 to 2014. Figure 1: History of revenue for the company GoPro (Source: McDonald Malcolm and Ian Dunbar 2013) Zervou Anastasia (2013) mentioned that GoPro entered the camera industry, discovering a new market in the needs of consumers who were looking for something that was not yet available. The company has developed a value proposition to establish a meaningful relationship with the customers (Dolnicar Sara and Leisch 2014). The company provides efforts to establish new means to capture personal, amateur and professional experiences in versatile manner. It has been found that GoPro has adopted a sustainable strategy to position itself against the competitor. It has been found that the competitors of the company GoPro are only competing against tangible products (action camera). They are not been able to challenge the company against intangible assets that make the company more desirable. As Joppe and Luc (2013) stated that, switching to competitors product is less desirable for customers as they will lose accessibility to social media platforms, support channels and most of all the online global community that has been established (Dolnicar Sara and Leisch 2014). In order to describe the competitive rivalry, Dolnicar Sara and Leisch (2014) mentioned he competitiveness within the action camera industry has increased; however, there are only a hand full of competitors that can produce the same quality as GoPro. The quality standard within the industry can very well be defined by GoPros innovation that has set the quality standards of all action cameras. Innovation has become the focal point of competition and marketing strategy for the company GoPro (Joppe and Luc 2013). Reference Del Vigna, Matteo. "Financial market equilibria with heterogeneous agents: CAPM and market segmentation."Mathematics and Financial Economics7, no. 4 (2013): 405-429. Dolnicar, Sara, and Friedrich Leisch. "Using graphical statistics to better understand market segmentation solutions."International Journal of Market Research56, no. 2 (2013): 97-120. Gopro,.. "Gopro | World's Most Versatile Camera | HERO4 Black Edition".Gopro.Com. https://gopro.com/. (2016) GutiĆ¡, Dragutin, and Tomislav PetriĆ¡. "consumer attitudes in market segmentation."emc review-Ä asopis za ekonomiju3, no. 1 (2012). Joppe, Marion, Statia Elliot, and Luc Durand. "From ski market to ski traveller: a multidimensional segmentation approach."Anatolia24, no. 1 (2013): 40-51. MariÄ iĆ¡, Branko R., and Aleksandar Ä orÄ‘eviĆ¡. "Strategic market segmentation."Marketing46, no. 4 (2015): 243-251. McDonald, Malcolm, and Ian Dunbar. "Market segmentation."How to Profit from(2013). Zervou, Anastasia S. "Financial market segmentation, stock market volatility and the role of monetary policy."European Economic Review63 (2013): 256-272.

92 Paolo Faccini Dori â€v- Recreb Srl (1994) The WritePass Journal

A Critical Analysis of Case C-91/92 Paolo Faccini Dori –v- Recreb Srl (1994) Executive Summary A Critical Analysis of Case C-91/92 Paolo Faccini Dori –v- Recreb Srl (1994) Executive Summary Facts of the Case Decision of the Case Beyond the Approach in FacciniConclusions ReferencesRelated Executive Summary EU directives are considered not to have horizontal direct effect, i.e. the provisions of the European directive cannot be relied upon by private individuals, when it comes to a legal dispute where they have not been transposed by member states into international law. This was the position in the case in question, here, of Faccini and has been largely supported by future case law and academic analysis in this area. Despite this, there have been some cases which argue that there should be a direct effect[1]. Although these have been distinguished on a matter of fact between the position in Faccini and the decisions reached in later cases, it is argued, here, that the basic rule remains current and good law, albeit with an element of uncertainty, particularly where there is an aspect of public law and order and an obligation on the member states, rather than it being downplayed as a purely contractual relationship between the individual parties. Facts of the Case EU Directive 85/577[2] places a requirement on member states to protect consumers when they are entering into contracts which are negotiated away from the business place, for example, over the phone or, more recently, this would apply to internet-based purchases. This offers a right to cancellation and although there is a degree of flexibility offered to member states in how they ensure that consumers are protected in this way (article 4 and article 5 of directive), there are still minimum rights being afforded to consumers in this situation; the precise terms may also vary from member states to member state, in terms of how the consumers are informed of this right. However, fundamentally, the right is still present[3]. In this case, Faccini Dori contracted with Interdiffusion Srl, in order to purchase an English language course. However, she later attempted to cancel the purchase because, in the meantime, the provision of the course had been assigned to Recreb Srl, who then sued Faccini Dori for the cost of the course which she had failed to pay, as she wished to cancel her purchase. Faccini Dori argued that she would have been entitled to cancel the contract, as it had been a business arrangement made outside of the business premises, under the EU directive; however, it was the failure of the Italian government to implement the contents of the directive, which meant that the provisions did not seemingly apply in the case of Recreb Srl. The question, therefore, arose as to whether or not this directive had horizontal directive effect, thus enabling the individual to rely on the directive when dealing with a dispute between two private individuals. The weakness in the Faccini’s argument was b ased on the fact that the directive had not been implemented and the question arose as to whether or not an unimplemented directive can be relied upon as, had it been implemented, it would be part of Italian law in any event. Decision of the Case In this case, relying on the Marshall case, it was held that Faccini could not rely on the directive, as it has not been implemented into Italian law and therefore it was not possible for individuals to apply the rules contained within the directive, as this lacked horizontal directive applicability and could not therefore be used as the basis for a legal action[4]. According to Article 249 (was 189 at the time of the case) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a European directive is binding on the member states, in terms of achieving the objectives of the directive, but that it is up to member states to determine how this will apply in their jurisdiction. The argument, therefore, arose as to whether or not this means that the directive enables individuals to rely on the concept of the directive in a private action, even where the member state had failed to transpose the directive into national law. In this case, however, it was held that the directive was applicable vertically and could be seen to impose an obligation on the member states, but not be used by individuals in a horizontal plane i.e. between private parties. As noted in the cited case of Marshall[5], the Faccini case relied on this and argued that, whilst it would be possible for private individuals to bring an action against the state for their failure to enact the provisions of the directive, it could not be used as the basis of legal action between the two individuals. Beyond the Approach in Faccini Although the rules laid out in the Faccini case seemed to state clearly that a non-enacted directive could not be relied upon by a private individual, although there has been some future debate as to whether case law has made inroads into this strict position. Case law has developed in this area to such an extent that it creates a situation where it would be possible to have a direct effect or direct link between individuals, even when they have not been transposed into national law[6]. Take, for example, the case relating to CIA Security[7], where an argument arose between three private individuals all of whom were competitors in the provision of security systems. In this argument, it was alleged that CIA Security was not suitably authorised and therefore should not be selling alarm systems, under Belgian law. An argument was presented by CIA that there had been unfair trading practices based on the fact that adopting the requirements to be authorised without notification was a breach of directive 83/189, article 8[8]. It was argued, in this case, that it was possible for the individuals to rely on the provisions of this directive as part of the case of the national court. In this situation, the court held that the provisions of the directive could be relied upon, which seemed to go against the decision in Faccini. As part of the judgement, Advocate Elmer distinguished from the Faccini case by stating that the provisions in directive 83/189 had been written in such a way that there were duties being imposed on the member state, whereas the directive in the Faccini case had placed the requirement on the individuals, alone, and not with the relationship between individuals. A better update emerged in the Unilever case[9]. This case dealt with a contractual relationship between two parties and a boundary dispute between Unilever and Central Food whereby Unilever had been supplying olive oil to Central Food. However, Central Food then took issue with Unilever, given the fact that the oils had not been labelled correctly, so they were no longer in compliance with the appropriate Italian law. As a result, Central Food stated that it would not pay for the oil delivered by Unilever. Unilever’s counterargument was that, although the Italian government had observed certain parts of the provisions of directive 83/189, the actual national law had not taken into account article 9 of the directive and therefore should not have been enacted and should not be applied. In this case, it was held that as the directive had been misapplied and this had resulted in a national standard which was opposed to the directive, national standards could not therefore be applied and could not be enforced against individuals. Certain distinctions were drawn between the Unilever and the CIA case, primarily based on the fact that it was a contractual relationship between the parties and was not linked to arguments associated with unfair trade practices and thus allowed the decisions to be distinguished from the case of Faccini. The difficulty going forward, therefore, is how cases such as the CIA case can potentially create a situation where there is horizontal direct effect to directives allowing private parties to rely upon the provisions of any unimplemented directive, in order to impact on their own personal dispute. On the face of it, therefore, it would appear that the CIA case had indeed created a situation whereby the basic ruling in the Faccini case could be softened. The main argument for this development is that, in the CIA case, there is a public law element, as there had been a failure on behalf of the member state, rather than a pure issue of private law such as contractual relations[10]. Conclusions There are clear difficulties when it comes to reconciling the basic provision laid out in Marshall and the Faccini cases; however, although it has been argued that there is a public law element in the cases which have been decided in a different way from the Faccini case, the net result is that this creates a different relationship between private individuals. Despite this, it is contended here that the basic rule in Faccini, in that the directive does not have horizontal direct effect, and therefore cannot be relied upon as a legal basis for action between private individuals, remains. There is, however, the need to consider cases such as CIA, which can create at least some uncertainty as to whether or not this will be strictly applied, in all situations. References Case C-194/94, CIA Security International SA v. Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL [1996] ECR1-2201, para. 13-15. Case 152/84, Marshall v. Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723, para. 48. Case C-91/92 Paolo Faccini Dori –v- Recreh Srl (1994) Case C-443/98, Unileverltalia SpA v. Central Food SpA [2000] ECR1-7535. Council Directive (EC) 85/577 Consumer Protection in the Case of Contracts Negotiated Away from Business Premises Council Directive (EC) 83/189 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations Michael. Dougan, The Disguised Vertical Direct Effect of Directives?, The Cambridge Law Journal, 2000, vol. 59(3), pp.586-612 at 587 Paul Craig, Directives: Direct Effect, Indirect Effect and the Construction of National Legislation, EL Rev., 1997, vol. 22, pp.519-538 at 519. Paul Craig and Grainne de Burca, EU Law Text, Cases, and Materials, (3rd Ed., Oxford University Press, United Kingdom 2003), p.202, 203 Stephen Weatherhill, Breach of Directives and Breach of Contract, EL Rev., 2001, vol.26, pp. 177-186 at 182.

Audrey essays

Audrey essays Title:''Life Is One Big Long Catwalk''. Madame Toastmaster , Madame Topicsmaster and fellow students. ''Life Is One Big Long Catwalk''. As endorsed by the Clarks' Footwear advertisements , this line has become synonymous with modern society , in a world ruled predominantly by image. In my speech to - day I would like to discuss the ambivalent nature of image and beauty in society , as well as providing an insight into a great idol of mine who possessed this ambivalence throughout her life and career - Audrey Hepburn. I don't think that anybody could doubt it , you or I , beauty is a virtue. It always has been , as far back as the time of Venus , the Roman Goddess of love and beauty. But it seems like to - day only physical beauty is taken into account. This type of beauty is a matter of chance. In fact it is amatter of fate whether you turn out to be physically beautiful or not. This type of beauty is impure , doesn't come from the heart. And who are we to try and describe what exactly physical beauty is? Everybody has different facial features , different shapes and sizes and diferent statures. It is all a matter of preference and taste. There is excrutiating pressure being applied on both sexes nowadays to look good and to conform to the media's idea of beauty. Every week of the year we see emaciated models walk the catwalk , wasted away by their starvation and malnourishment , yet snapped up by the paparazzi and considered ''beautiful''. The role of image , branding and beauty is obviously a huge talking point in modern society , as my sister managed to do a 20 page thesis on this Topic for her degree in Graphic Design. And besides , most of us do feel beaut...

Paper on engineering failure with guidelines Essay

Paper on engineering failure with guidelines - Essay Example One of the most epic sea engineering failures was seen in the 1912 during the Titanic accident that saw many lives and property perish in helpless circumstances. In 1912, the world ever largest ship sunk deep into the ocean leading to over 1500 deaths due to poor safety designs by the engineers during its construction (Lisbon 36). The impact with the iceberg in the middle of the ocean. The expert expressed their concern that the engineer’s key failure was allowing aesthetic value to take the center of the construction while disregarding safety designs. Research has found that the engineers were the primary cause of the inability to have adequate security infrastructure. In fact, the initial design had included two rows of lifeboats under the deck; however, the designers removed one row in order to create ample space for passengers views. The nature of the error was largely technological and reverse priority. During the accident, the iceberg buckled the popped plates leading to gushing of water into the transverse bulkheads that were reduced to allow for spacious first-class rooms (Lisbon 67). Probably the ship would have withstood the iceberg had the original design been executed. The fundamental principle of the security had been catered for in the original design. Following a disaster, there were changes in policy to increase the heights of the double hulls transverse bulkheads that will reach the sides of ships in the future. The engineers most important lesson was the importance of enhancing security measures in ship designs as number one priority (Lisbon 125). Macdonald & Jones (2006) article on Sustainable Drainage System (SUDs) presents a case study at Glasgow introduces an engineering design of drainage systems in cities and urban centers. The authors use Glasgow as one of the cities in the world with a classical SUDs

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Analysis - Essay Example China remains one of the economies with the greatest impact on other economies. This is attributed to the rapid growth rate growth rate of almost ten percent for the last ten years. The objective of this paper is to give a detailed analysis concerning the rise of china’s economy. In addition, the paper provides an in-depth analysis of the impacts of china’s economy on the United States. The economy of China grows because of a number of reasons. For instance, china’s substantial investment in infrastructure plays a key role in the growth of its economy. The many forms of transportation make trade easy hence improved local and international trade. For instance, the availability of railway transport system in China and other forms of transport help improve the economy of China. The rail network in China is now more than many countries in the world. The most important thing about this is that China keeps investing in infrastructure on a yearly basis. By the year 2006, China had overtaken India by eleven thousand kilometers that were the leading by then with sixty-four thousand kilometers. In addition, availability of water, power, drinking water, and irrigation in China surpasses many countries in the whole world. For instance, the development of China concerning these dimensions is three times that of India. Therefore, infrastructure development in China plays a significant role regarding its economy growth. China’s economy remains growing at a faster rate because of the increasing number of manufacturing industries. For this reason, therefore, China is the greatest exporter of goods in the entire world. In addition, China is also the second largest importer of goods. The growth in the export and import of goods in China shows its improved purchasing power. Furthermore, China being the least importer of services products gives a sneak preview of its

Relationship Between Management And Shareholders Finance Essay

Relationship Between Management And Shareholders Finance Essay A lot of studies have been done in the matters of earnings management. It is because earnings management can be practice in many ways. There are several research done which covered the topic about earnings management and board characteristics(Saleh, et al,2005), board of directors and opportunistic earnings management (Sarkar et al., 2006), earnings manager and long term performance (Ho, et al 2006), earnings management in education (Misiewicz, 2006), earnings management and IPOs (Spohr, 2004) and so forth. Here in this assignment I put an interest on study of earning management and IPOs. Where I already found several related articles which cover the topic from several countries. The countries cover from the articles that I already found are IPOs in Finland, Japan as well as Malaysia. Before I discuss about earnings management in IPOs in depth, I also discuss about the relationship between management and shareholders. Then I discuss about definition of earnings management from different point of views. Beside that I also get to understand of earnings management through the mechanism as well as the loopholes in accounting standards the can caused the earnings management could happen. I also highlight several method of earnings management that familiarly practices. Eventually, I will discuss the issues of earnings management in IPOs that happen in Japan, Finland and Malaysia. LITERATURE REVIEW Relationship between management and shareholders Financial statements can be seen as medium of information between management of particular company and shareholders. Management is considered as workforces to achieve companies objectives. While shareholders represented as capitals supplier which generated the workforces in order to achieve the objective. Typically only public listed company should disclose their annual report to the shareholders or potential shareholder. The benefit gain from to be listed in any stock exchange are for additional funds, not only to finance further expansion and diversification as well as new projects as well as to reduce debts(Rahman and Abdullah, 2005). Beside that public will see the listed company typically have higher profile and greater visibility which confers greater investors confidence and publicity. The relationship between managers and shareholders in the business world cannot be disputable. This relationship is interpreted under Theory Agency (Bukit and Iskandar, 2009). They are very dependent each other, even somehow there exist conflict of interest among these two parties. In example the shareholders put on trust to agency by contributing huge amount of money in terms of paid up capital, so that agency can generate business and obtain profit and increase the firms value as principles return. Meanwhile agency (managers) is dependent to the principles for remunerations and bonuses as compensation (Bukit and Iskandar, 2009). Because of the great pressure from principles (shareholders) towards the high performance of firms values, so agency commonly practice earnings management in order to be sustained in market place (Jayati et. al.,2006). Definition of earning management Various optional opinions obtain from literature regarding earnings management. Bukit and Iskandar (2009) defined the earnings management may involve manipulation of accounting record, intentional omission or intentional misapplication of accounting o accounting principles. While, Mohanram (2003) define earnings management as the intentional misstatement or earnings leading to bottom line numbers that would have different in the absence of any manipulation. The Baralexis, S., 2004 advocates that earnings management is the process of intentionally exploiting or violating the GAAP or the law to present financial statements according to ones interests. The earnings management activities can break the reliability and credibility of management towards the shareholders. Earnings management is intrinsically related to earning quality (Lopes et al,2006). Schipper (1989) define the earnings management as a deliberate intervention of external financial accounting process with the intent of obtaining some private gain. Her argument of definition is based on a observing of accounting numbers as information. Within the opportunities offered by the accounting system, managers could exercise manage earnings by selecting accounting methods within GAAP or by changes in the ways given methods or policy (Ismail and Weetman, 2008). On the other hand, Healy and Wahlen (1999) define earnings management as an activity where manager used their discretion to adjust financial report either to misled stakeholders or for self interest. Earnings management also known as creative accounting or cooked the book may have twofold purposes. First to stop shareholders from withdrawing capital and second, as a means of reporting favorably on stewardship and performance (Devi et al., 2004). Perhaps, the main reason why companies use earnings management is because of the pressure placed upon management to show favorable returns on their investors money. This idea of seeking to please shareholders is reinforced by Agency Theory (Bukit Iskandar, 2009). Theory agency states that individuals seek to maximize their own utility, and act only in the individual best interest (Hooper et. al., 1998). So, acting in the companys best interest, management will manage the earnings to enhance their financial reporting, and therefore protect the basis of their contract (Mathews Perera, 1996). Pressure from management, therefore, may cause accountants and auditors to accept in producing favorable reports to shareholders using earnings manag ement techniques to improve results (Hussey,1996). Earnings management mechanism The practice of earnings management occurs because of the availability of different acceptability accounting accrual choice to be applied for determinant of reporting income. There are several mechanisms of implementing earnings management. First, is what they called as big bath. This type of earnings management is when the company could not reach their target in certain period. Normally companies target is based on previous performance. Then when firms are way below their target, they have an incentive to make things look even worse (Mohanram, 2003). There are several ways to make it worse such as the company will take large reconstructing charges, increase in provision for bad debt, and take other income decreasing accounting decision. This kind of practices are bound under two reasons which is firstly it is highly impossible that any amount of earning management will get them over the target and secondly the cost to make it worse are typically minimal. Therefore, any improvements in performance will perceive that managers are more credible and greater credit for turning around a firm. Some other way of perception regarding big bath is when manager takes over responsibility for a unit there is a motivation to make as much as provision that ensure any losses appear as the responsibility of the previous manager (Amat and Blake et al,1999) Second mechanism is what they called cookie jar accounting. This practice of earning management is when the company relatively to achieve above target, they may again have an incentive to reduce earnings. Typically there is little benefit in going way above a benchmark. Consider a firm which expects to report an EPS of RM3.80 for a given quarter when expectations hover around RM3.00. Especially when economic boom-up. Such a firm may report an EPS of RM3.30, but it still beating expectations. The remaining 50 cents of EPS reduction may come in handy in future quarters when the firm is slightly below targets. By reducing current period income, firms implicitly save some of these excess earnings for the future when they may be more valuable. The mechanism of the earnings management can be illustrated as below: Sources: Mohanram, 2003 Standard board point of view Earning management also be called as creative accounting. Creative accounting enable managers to cook the book and window dress their company by taking advantage of the loopholes in accounting standard. Due to this activity of earning management and thus provide doubtful of information in financial statement, so such information become unreliable. Therefore the users of financial statement will make wrong decision based on manipulated accounting numbers. Unfortunately, GAAP make such a room to accountant to make a manipulation since it allow accountants to use their discretion to make decision which is needed. In addition creative accounting is not against the law, in the hands of less a scrupulous managements, it can be dangerous instrument of deception (Naser, 1993). The common methods used by changing the assumptions for accounting standard. Methods normally applied for manage the earnings The very common method of manage earnings that normally applied by practitioners is as below: Changing the assumptions for accounting standards. For example Change in depreciation policy by extending depreciable lives periodically and justify it on the grounds that the change brings them in line with industry standards. Capitalization of expenses that previously expensed, increasing the extent of capitalization, slowing down amortization of previously capitalized expenses Reducing the provisions for bad debts. This is what people say of accrual discrepancies. Reducing income by taking on large one-time charges. For example restructuring charges. Managing transactions, whereby companies will create last minute sales by sending up a bundle of inventories to the customers by free charge for 3 months (let say) and recorded in a book of account receivables. Earnings managements and IPOs-Evidence from Finland This study had been made by Sphor (2004). His study had been used a sample companies on 56 firms that went public in the years 1994 to 2000 on Helsinki Stock exchange. The author want to prove that there is a presence of earnings management in initial public offerings (IPOs) of Finnish firms. Virtually, there is several studies have documented the presence of earnings management in IPO firm (e.g. Friedlan,1994, Teoh, Welch and Wong, 1998 and Aharony, Lee and Wong, 2000). The reason for such study is in IPO normally the earnings management practice difficult to detect from the income statement and the balance sheet, thus investors would benefit from other information that reveals the probability of earnings management. It is because managers and owners incentives to manage earnings are used to assess the likelihood that earnings management is used before IPO (Spohr, 2004). According to Aharony et al (2000), the earnings management likelihood in Chinese IPO firms varied across industri es and listing location. They suggest the noted differences in opportunistic behavior to be a result of mangers incentive to manage earnings and their possibilities to do it without detected. IPOs are priced by discounting the companys future cash flows and by observing the market values of similar publicly traded companies. At the time of their IPOs issuing companies seem to sell below market rates as their share prices are often underpriced, meaning that their value at the close of day one trading is higher than the initial price of the stock (Ritter, 1991). During the high IPO activity period that ended in year 2000 the initial returns were on average high. The in Finland found, the biggest initial profit was generated by F-Secure whose stock rose on its first trading day on November 5, 1999 from the initial offering price of 7.70 euros to 27.45 euros. The initial underpricing of Initial Public Offerings(IPOs) fits poorly to the long-term return on IPO shares. Ritter (1991) shows that IPO firms on average give poorer three-year returns than other listed firms in comparable sizes and industries. He explains this weak return on IPO shares with timing. Firms time their IPOs to the periods when the market overprices the firm, its industry and IPOs in general. The weak share performance after the IPO can also be explained with earnings management. If the firm before the IPO artificially boosts its value through managing earnings, the market will sooner or later find out the true performance of the company and devalue its shares. Compared to bad accounting or simple randomness, the distinguishing feature of earnings management is the presence of intent. Studies identifying earnings management usually make the assumption that intent is present in the circumstances where the tests are made. In research testing for earnings management in IPO firms it is assumed that it is capital market motivations that drive the firms to earnings management. The aim is to maximize the companys equity value and through this increase the owners wealth and reduce the companys financing costs. The most commonly used method to test for earnings management is the examination of accruals because they are easier to manipulate than cash flows. Abnormal accruals are considered as a sign of earnings management. The major problem in earnings management studies is how to determine if accruals are abnormally high or low. Most models used to estimate the normal level of accruals base their estimations on the firms past accruals or comparable firms accruals. In the literature the normal and abnormal accruals are usually called nondiscretionary and discretionary accruals. In particular, the research based on U.S. data provides strong evidence of discretionary accruals in IPO firms. Additionally, Teoh, Welch and Wong (1998) show that discretionary accruals can be linked to companies long term stock market performance and thus challenge the efficient market hypothesis, as the market fails to account for the manipulation. When they grouped firms by the magnitude of discretionary accruals before the IPO, they found that firms in the quartile with the lowest discretionary accruals (negative) outperformed the market by about 4% over three years, whereas firms in the quartile with the highest discretionary accruals underperformed the market by about 25%. To date there have been at least three studies on earnings management in Finnish IPOs which from Ora (2000), Eriksson (2001) and currently Spohr (2004). First study is to showing that earnings management has been present in Finnish IPOs, Ora (2000) investigates if there is any difference in earnings management behavior between 1980s and 1990s IPOs. Her results indicate that earnings management seems to have vanished in the later period. Applying a total accruals measure Oras tests are affected by the substantial changes in discretionary reserves that Finnish companies could use for managing earnings. These visible forms of earnings management vanished gradually in the 1990s due to the accounting legislation reform. Second study done by Eriksson (2001), whereby the tests for earnings management on a similar sample to this study and uses a financial ratios model called the Beneish M-score. The higher the M-score the higher is the likelihood that earnings management has occurred. Erikssons M-score averages of the sample indicates that no earnings management were present in the financial year closest to the IPO. Finally finding obtain from Spohr (2004), the firms ownership structure and the pre-IPO owners share of ownership decrease in the IPO were used to formed expectations about the likelihood of finding earnings management before the IPO. Earnings management was hypothesized to be present in the entrepreneur owned but not in the institutionally held firms. Furthermore, the probability of earnings management was assumed to be related to how much the entrepreneurs ownership decreased in the IPO. The profitability of the total sample of 56 Finnish IPO firms showed a relatively high level of profitability in the critical period for which earnings management was tested when compared to three periods before and after the critical period. The most significant change in profitability occurred in the entrepreneur firms after the IPO. To answer the question of whether high profitability was only a result of successful timing, earnings management tests were conducted on accruals. The results suppor t the hypothesis that entrepreneurs manage earnings before the IPO. In contrast to expectations, earnings management behavior seemed not be affected by how much of their ownership entrepreneurs gave up in the IPO. In the institutional owned IPO firms, no evidence of upward earnings management before the IPO was found. The limitation of the study is the sample is small. Earnings managements and IPOs under pricing -Evidence from Japan This study had been done by unstated authors in the year 2010. The study is based on the sample of 910 firms that went public in Japanese market between 1995 and 2005. The area of the study is would like to seek whether initial public offerings (IPO) are undervalued or overvalued using comparable firm multiples, (2)whether and how earnings management affects under or overvaluation, and (3) whether and how under /over-valuation and earnings management affects IPO under pricing. The underpricing phenomenon is such of common controversy covered in previous literature on Initial public offering companies over the business world. It is well known when companies go to public, the price at which investment banker sells the stock to investors in generally below the price at which the stocks trades in the secondary market shortly thereafter, resulting in a substantial price jump on the first day o trading. The meaning of IPOs underpricing is does not mean of undervalued (Purnanadam Swaminath an, 2004). The case in Japan the authors had examined whether Japanese IPOs are undervalued or overvalued using comparable firms multiples, similar method as done by Purnanadam and Swaminathan (2004). Then he investigates the relation between under or overvaluation and first-day return (underpricing). Later on, they identified the way of earnings management affects under or overvaluation and underpricing. Lastly the authors found that about 60 to 70% of Japanese IPO firms are undervalued relative to their industry peers, and most of undervalued firms have positive first day return consistent with the asymmetric information models of underpricing. On the other hand, overvalued firms consisting of 30-40 % of IPO firms also earn 7% to 12% higher first day return, and pre-IPO year abnormal accruals and the magnitude of underpricing are positively correlated when firms are overvalued. These findings suggest that IPOs are overvalued more in hot issue periods when investors tend to be optimistic about the future performance of the IPOs, while underwriters undervalue IPO firms in usual market condition. Earnings managements and performance towards IPO companies Issues in Malaysia This IPOs issue on earnings management was revealed by Rahman and Abdullah (2003). They are trying to identify the causes of firms issuing equity produce poor returns to investors in the long run by exploring the potential opportunities for earning management during the period prior to the public listing and its correlation with initial listing and post issues performance. The study covered 187 IPO valid firms identified from Bursa Malaysia Investors digest since January 1989 upward to December 1998. There are various of industries selected including tradings and services, Consumer product, construction, Properties, Infrastructure and Project companies, plantation, industrial product and hotels. The method used in this study is similar with previous study made by Abdul Rahman(2000), Tay (1993) and Ritter (1991), whereby this study is measuring abnormal return using a buy-and-hold returns approach. The Abnormal return are calculated based on the difference between holding period returns of sample IPOs firms and control companies. Further the study focuses on current accrual as the source of earning management. The types of accrual is whether discretionary accrual or non discretionary accrual. This justification is based on the definition of discretionary accrual itself which is those manipulated earnings that are determined at the discretion of management (Dennis and Michel, 1996 and Teoh et al,1998). The example of discretionary accrual the changes in allowance for doubtful account because on managements interest. According to Teoh et al (1998) the discretionary current accrual are actually superior proxy for earnings management. While in contrast the nondiscretionary accrual is the change as a result of managements accounting decisions that are of interest to the firm (Rahman Abdullah, 2005). As stated example, during the economic growth, one would expect accruals such as account receivables and account payable to change as sales increase without earnings management occurring. The most interested in this issue on IPOs is whether the investment activities in such companies will benefit investors who invest in the company. There are several studies whether done in overseas or Malaysia has been shown that IPO is a wealth reducing investment to investors in the long run. The evidence have been seeking in US whereby they found that IPO as poor long run investment for investors (Ritter, 1991; Loughran and Ritter, 1995 and Teoh et al, 1998). Also have been proven this similar issues happen in Malaysia of poor post issue performance (Ku Ismail et al, 1993 and Pok et al, 2000). The result of the study by Rahman and Abdullah (2005), found that IPO in the average have experience significant positive abnormal return relative to the non-IPO firms during the initial period if the measuring taking to consider of offering price to the end of the day listing price. However the IPO firms is obtain significant negative towards share return relative to their control firms during the first, second and third year following their initial listing on Bursa Malaysia. To solve the research question to why firms issuing equity produce poor returns to investors in the long run, the authors found that Malaysia IPO firms manage their earnings upwards in the year prior to public listing on Bursa Malaysia. Furthermore, those IPO firms that manage earnings are not significantly different between industries but are significantly different between the Main and Second board. Subsequently, the result on their study in relation between prior earnings management and post issues share return performance after the initial public listing is no significant relationship. The result sustain with respect to IPO firms with high or low level of earnings management. In addition according to the Rahman and Abdullah (2005) there is no evidence to suggest that the pre offerings earnings management is able to predict the abnormal returns during the initial period and over one to three years following equity offerings. This argument actually had supported from previous literature made by Ku Ismail et al. 1993 and Shivakumar, 2000), whereby they mentioned that the positive abnormal return during the initial period may be due to the underpricing by underwriters and also as a result of asymmetric information among investors during the announcement period. The result of positive share return at the initial period is actually contradicted with the literature from Teoh et al (1998). He argues that the investors are unable to fully understand managerial earnings at the time of equity offerings and ends up a high offer price. The possible reason of negative significant post issue return one to three years after listing may be due to the unfavorable earnings revealed by media, analysts report and financial statement after the offering(Rahman Abdullah 2005). CONCLUSION In a review of earnings management in IPOs literature, Spohr (2004) and Rahman and Abdullah (2005) are identify a range of potential significant incentives to undertake earnings management. It is including contracts written in terms of accounting numbers, capital market expectation and valuation and government actions. Managers of an IPO company probably motivated to manage earnings in the reporting period following the IPO in order to align more closely with the prediction for the period (Ismail Weetman, 2008). In addition, Ismail and Weetman also found that managers also motivated to manage earnings to increase their short term wealth at the expense of the long term value of the firm. According to Rahman and Abdullah (2005), IPO companies have an opportunity in manipulating offering-year discretionary current accrual and non discretionary current accrual. I noticed here there are several opinions regarding the IPOs market return begin with when company went to public upward to three years later. Therefore the investors in particular should concern with any information announced by the firm before attempting to invest. There are some evidence mentioned that the investing in IPO is kind of short term wealth. This could be happen because there is an existence of earnings management in their operation in order to meet the requirement by Securities commission.

Staple Remover Components

Components and the Materials of Parts: The formation of the staple remover is based on performance and durability without extra useless parts. The materials that form the tool are managed properly to minimize total costs while maximizing the production rates. There are four main parts: wedges, spring, handle and pin axle. The Wedges of Staple Remover The staple remover is comprised of two wedges on shaft. These engaged wedges are usually made from chrome-plated steel, because it is not only harder than the material of the staple, but also tough enough to resist the force applied to extract it.Although the chrome-plated steel using provides these benefits, it shows mild rust-resistance in very moist environments. However, this disadvantage of the material can be ignored, because the staple remover is produced to be used in offices generally. The expander spring is another important part that brings these wedges back to its original opened state. Also, it is usually made from chrome-pl ated steel like the wedges to prevent any possible failures through metal fatigue in continued use.The handles/grips of the staple remover are important for the usage, but it does not have any functional roles for the aim of the device. The grips provide easy use for users, because people do not have to hold cold and tough metal surface. Grips are largely made from plastic materials which are the most proper choose with its cheapness and formability. The pin axle is a cylindrical cross member which gives the wedges ability to rotate. It is made of stainless steel, which have high rust-resistance in places that have been worn by contact with other metals.

Arthur Miller creates the tension Essay

I have chosen to write my essay on a section in Act VI, starting on page 105 from where Elizabeth Proctor enters, ending just before John Proctor enters at the bottom of page 106. This scene in ‘ The Crucible ‘, is a heated dialogue between Deputy-Governor Danforth, Reverend Hale, Reverend Parris, Judge Hathorne and Goodwife Elizabeth Proctor whom the four men are desperately trying to persuade to save her husband, John Proctor’s life. I chose this scene because it makes clear how Arthur Miller uses all the means available to a dramatist to make a section tense. He creates the extreme tension between the characters and makes the mood obvious to the reader using; language devices, the interrogation of characters, pauses, disagreement between characters, stage directions to create images for us to visualise the action, and our previous knowledge of events and relationships between these characters in particular. The scene is set inside a cell in Salem jail. Earlier in Act IV, Miller used stage directions to show us how uncomfortable he wished for the room to look. Also as the season is Autumn, Miller described the weather as bitterly cold and told us that â€Å"the place is in darkness but for the moonlight seeping through the bars.†These conditions add to the tension in the scene as characters are much more likely to be irritable and short-tempered if they are cold, especially as it is night time and a prison in darkness would seem very sinister. People often expect bad happenings at night, such as the dancing in the woods at the beginning of the play, which was a forbidden event in the Puritan society and had terrible after-effects. Also Abigail when threatening the other girls said,†I have seen some reddish work done at night.† We are therefore already expecting the unexpected due to this imagery and theme of darkness, used by Miller to create tension with the setting. The tension has already been built up to this section by the background knowledge that we have from other scenes in the play. Danforth, Hale, Parris and Hathorne are proposing to gain Goody Proctor’s help in saving her husband from hanging the next morning. We have seen John and Elizabeth alone together and the limited information that we have about their relationship leaves the reader with a questioning mind on how she will react to: John being condemned, and to them wanting her to persuade him into a false confession. Miller has given us contrasting pieces of evidence as to whether she cares enough about him to be willing to talk to him: in Act II we see tension between the couple during their dinner when they were falsely polite and formal to each other, and seemed to have unloving relationship with a lack of trust. However, in Act III Elizabeth lies in an attempt to protect John. Elizabeth’s hatred for lying is another reason that could lead the reader to doubt if she will agree to speaking with John, especially as she is a religious person and one of the Ten Commandments is ‘Thou shalt not bear false witness’ – In doing what they wish, Elizabeth would have to persuade another person to lie. Miller has put this scene at this point in the play so it can follow on from the sections that give the reader the knowledge of Elizabeth’s inner tensions are and how they could affect her descisions; we know that Elizabeth is aware of her husband’s principles, but also that her conflicting emotions will tell her to attempt at saving his life. This doubt of what Elizabeth will do will make the audience increasingly tense, as they know her descision over whether to help is crucial: If she agrees to speak with him, John could be saved. However, if she will not speak with him, John will hang the next morning, as there is no-body else who could possibly make him listen and reconsider. The section that I chose starts with Parris saying,†Hush,† on hearing footsteps. This leaves the room in a tense silence, during which the audience will be focused on anticipating what Elizabeth will look like and how she will react to their news of John. Miller uses stage directions to help us visualise Elizabeth’s appearance- â€Å"Her clothes are dirty; her face is pale and gaunt.† Miller also uses this to imply how they may feel uncomfortable in each others company, by showing us the very different positions they are in. We can see the tension due to this when Danforth begins to speak,†(very politely)†, as this is obviously false. She is silent when he adresses her and the tension increases again when Danforth says,†I hope you are hearty?†. This could be seen as ironic and sarcastic from how Miller previously presented her to be visibly unwell. However, from what we already know of Danforth’s character, the reader is more likely to assume that he merely said the wrong thing due to not knowing how to handle the delicate situation- this makes the scene even more tense as the most authotitive person doesn’t seem to know what to say. His words could also be interpreted as a deliberate use of informal/coloquial language which can be effective for means of persuasion- Miller could have been making it look as though Danforth was speaking in a controversial way, and trying to make Elizabeth regard him as a friend. However, pleasantness from Danforth could just result in making Elizabeth more tense, and suspicious of what they want from her. The silence from Elizabeth could result in making Danforth even more tense, especially if he was already uneasy, due to the fact that he may feel that him being involved is unfair because, as he said himself, â€Å"twelve are already hanged for the same crime.† Miller uses silence many other times within this small section to build up tension as we wait for a reaction from a character. Pauses are also used by Miller when a character doesn’t know what to say or is being extremely careful in their response.

Democracy The Best Option - 1540 Words

Introduction Authoritarian government is often defined as a type of political system that concentrates power in a single leader or in a small group of elite officials that are not constitutionally bound to the people in a society. These leaders, often military officials, aristocrats, party loyalists and even family members, consider themselves above the law and arbitrarily make decisions for the nation as a whole. Individual freedoms are completely restricted under the authority of the authoritarian leader and/or small group of elites, who ignore any opposing views unless considered a threat to the government or the country. These leaders consolidate control of the government and media to make decisions based on what they think is fair and necessary without consideration or consent from the public. Authoritarian political systems are often considered â€Å"repressive† or â€Å"domineering† in nature due to its disregard for citizen preference and resistance to public participati on in policy-making decisions. Despite these facts, some countries prefer authoritarian leadership over democracy. Democracy: The Best Option? Democracy is typically known as a type of government that is ruled by the people. Public participation in political matters, free and fair elections, citizen equality, and protection of citizen rights are the core principles of democratic political systems. Individual citizens, organized groups and institutions, elected officials, and governmental bureaucraciesShow MoreRelatedWhy Democracy is the Best Form of Government Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagescohesive. As humanity advanced, governments obligingly followed. Although there have been hiccups from the ancient times to modern day, one type of government, democracy, has proven to be the most effective and adaptive. 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